Wednesday, November 26, 2008

Communicable Diseases

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES – are infectious, transferrable and can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact from a contaminated person.
6 MODES OF INFECTION
A. Causative Agents
a. bacteria c. protozoans e. virus
b. fungi d. rickettsia
B. Reservior of Infection
a. man
b. animal
c. inanimate objects
C. Modes of Escape - different parts of the body
D. Modes of transmission
a. direct
b. indirect
E. Portals of entry
F. susceptable person

click the graph to enlarge













other folk dances

Varsovienne

Monday, November 17, 2008

Selected REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165 “Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002”

ARTICLE I

SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy.

It is the policy of the State to safeguard the integrity of its territory and the well-being of its citizenry particularly the youth, from the harmful effects of dangerous drugs on their physical and mental well-being, and to defend the same against acts or omissions detrimental to their development and preservation. In view of the foregoing, the State needs to enhance further the efficacy of the law against dangerous drugs, it being one of today's more serious social ills. Toward this end, the government shall pursue an intensive and unrelenting campaign against the trafficking and use of dangerous drugs and other similar substances through an integrated system of planning, implementation and enforcement of anti-drug abuse policies, programs, and projects. The government shall however aim to achieve a balance in the national drug control program so that people with legitimate medical needs are not prevented from being treated with adequate amounts of appropriate medications, which include the use of dangerous drugs. It is further declared the policy of the State to provide effective mechanisms or measures to reintegrate into society individuals who have fallen victims to drug abuse or dangerous drug dependence through sustainable programs of treatment and rehabilitation.

ARTICLE II

UNLAWFUL ACTS AND PENALTIES

SECTION 4. Importation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals.

The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall import or bring into the Philippines any dangerous drug, regardless of the quantity and purity involved, including any and all species of opium poppy or any part thereof or substances derived therefrom even for floral, decorative and culinary purposes. The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall import any controlled precursor and essential chemical. The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized under this Act, shall import or bring into the Philippines any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical through the use of a diplomatic passport, diplomatic facilities or any other means involving his/her official status intended to facilitate the unlawful entry of the same. In addition, the diplomatic passport shall be confiscated and canceled. The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any person, who organizes, manages or acts as a “financier” of any of the illegal activities prescribed in this Section. The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who acts as a protector/coddler of any violator of the provisions under this Section.

SECTION 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals.

The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions. The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any controlled precursor and essential chemical, or shall act as a broker in such transactions. If the sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution or transportation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical transpires within one hundred (100) meters from the school, the maximum penalty shall be imposed in every case. For drug pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners, couriers and messengers, or in any other capacity directly connected to the dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals trade, the maximum penalty shall be imposed in every case.

If the victim of the offense is a minor or a mentally incapacitated individual, or should a dangerous drug and/or a controlled precursor and essential chemical involved in any offense herein provided be the proximate cause of death of a victim thereof, the maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed. The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any person who organizes, manages or acts as a “financier” of any of the illegal activities prescribed in this Section. The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who acts as a protector/coddler of any violator of the provisions under this Section.

SECTION 8. Manufacture of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals.

The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall engage in the manufacture of any dangerous drug. The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall Manufacture any controlled precursor and essential chemical. The presence of any controlled precursor and essential chemical or laboratory equipment in the clandestine laboratory is a prima facie proof of manufacture of any dangerous drug. It shall be considered an aggravating circumstance if the clandestine laboratory is undertaken or established under the following circumstances:

a) Any phase of the manufacturing process was conducted in the presence or with the help of minor/s;

b) Any phase or manufacturing process was established or undertaken within one hundred (100) meters of a residential, business, church or school premises;

c) Any clandestine laboratory was secured or protected with booby traps;

d) Any clandestine laboratory was concealed with legitimate business operations; or

e) Any employment of a practitioner, chemical engineer, public official or foreigner.

The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any person, who organizes, manages or acts as a “financier” of any of the illegal activities prescribed in this Section. The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who acts as a protector/coddler of any violator of the provisions under this Section.

SECTION 10. Manufacture or Delivery of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus, and Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals.

The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person who shall deliver, possess with intent to deliver, or manufacture with intent to deliver equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs, knowing, or under circumstances where one reasonably should know, that it will be used to plant, propagate, cultivate, grow, harvest, manufacture, compound, convert, produce, process, prepare, test, analyze, pack, repack, store, contain or conceal any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical in violation of this Act. The penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) months and one (1) day to four (4) years and a fine ranging from Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) shall be imposed if it will be used to inject, ingest, inhale or otherwise introduce into the human body a dangerous drug in violation of this Act. The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any person, who uses a minor or a mentally incapacitated individual to deliver such equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs.

SECTION 11. Possession of Dangerous Drugs.

The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall possess any dangerous drug in the following quantities, regardless of the degree of purity thereof:

1) 10 grams or more of opium;

2) 10 grams or more of morphine;

3) 10 grams or more of heroin;

4) 10 grams or more of cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride;

5) 50 grams or more of methamphetamine hydrochloride or “shabu”;

6) 10 grams or more of marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil;

7) 500 grams or more of marijuana;

8) 10 grams or more of other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or “ecstasy”, paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA), trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), lysergic acid diethylamine (LSD), gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), and those similarly designed or newly introduced drugs and their derivatives, without having any therapeutic value or if the quantity possessed is far beyond therapeutic requirements, as determined and promulgated by the Board in accordance to Section 93, Article XI of this Act. Otherwise, if the quantity involved is less than the foregoing quantities, the penalties shall be graduated as follows:

1) Life imprisonment and a fine ranging from Four hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00), if the quantity of methamphetamine hydrochloride or “shabu” is ten (10) grams or more but less than fifty (50) grams;

2) Imprisonment of twenty (20) years and one (1) day to life imprisonment and a fine ranging from Four hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00), if the quantities of dangerous drugs are five (5) grams or more but less than ten (10) grams of opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride, marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil, methamphetamine hydrochloride or “shabu”, or other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or “ecstasy”, paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA), trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), lysergic acid diethylamine (LSD), gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), and those similarly designed or newly introduced drugs and their derivatives, without having any therapeutic value or if the quantity possessed is far beyond therapeutic requirements; or three hundred (300) grams or more but less than five hundred (500) grams of marijuana;

3) Imprisonment of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from Three hundred thousand pesos (P300,000.00) to Four hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00), if the quantities of dangerous drugs are less than five (5) grams of opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride, marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil, methamphetamine hydrochloride or “shabu”, or other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or “ecstasy”, paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA), trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), lysergic acid diethylamine (LSD), gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), and those similarly designed or newly introduced drugs and their derivatives, without having any therapeutic value or if the quantity possessed is far beyond therapeutic requirements; or less than three hundred (300) grams of marijuana.

SECTION 12. Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs.

The penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) months and one (1) day to four (4) years and a fine ranging from Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall possess or have under his/her control any equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia fit or intended for smoking, consuming, administering, injecting, ingesting, or introducing any dangerous drug into the body: Provided, That in the case of medical practitioners and various professionals who are required to carry such equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia in the practice of their profession, the Board shall prescribe the necessary implementing guidelines thereof. The possession of such equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia fit or intended for any of the purposes enumerated in the preceding paragraph shall be prima facie evidence that the possessor has smoked, consumed, administered to himself/herself, injected, ingested or used a dangerous drug and shall be presumed to have violated Section 15 of this Act.

SECTION 13. Possession of Dangerous Drugs During Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings.

Any person found possessing any dangerous drug during a party, or at a social gathering or meeting, or in the proximate company of at least two (2) persons, shall suffer the maximum penalties provided for in Section 11 of this Act, regardless of the quantity and purity of the dangerous drugs.

SECTION 14. Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs During Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings.

The maximum penalty provided for in Section 12 of this Act shall be imposed upon any person, who shall possess or have under his/her control any equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia fit or intended for smoking, consuming, administering, injecting, ingesting, or introducing any dangerous drug into the body, during parties, social gatherings or meetings, or in the proximate company of at least two (2) persons.

SECTION 15. Use of Dangerous Drugs.

A person apprehended or arrested, who is found to positive for use of any dangerous drug, after a confirmatory test, shall be imposed a penalty of a minimum of six (6) months rehabilitation in a government center for the first offense, subject to the provisions of Article VIII of this Act. If apprehended using any dangerous drug for the second time, he/she shall suffer the penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) years and one (1) day to twelve (12) years and a fine ranging from Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) to Two hundred thousand pesos (P200,000.00): Provided, That this Section shall not be applicable where the person tested is also found to have in his/her possession such quantity of any dangerous drug provided for under Section 10 of this Act, in which case the provisions stated therein shall apply.

SECTION 18. Unnecessary Prescription of Dangerous Drugs.

The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) and the additional penalty of the revocation of his/her license to practice shall be imposed upon the practitioner, who shall prescribe any dangerous drug to any person whose physical or physiological condition does not require the use or in the dosage prescribed therein, as determined by the Board in consultation with recognized competent experts who are authorized representatives of professional organizations of practitioners, particularly those who are involved in the care of persons with severe pain.

SECTION 19. Unlawful Prescription of Dangerous Drugs.

The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten Million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall make or issue a prescription or any other writing purporting to be a prescription for any dangerous drug.

SECTION 22. Grant of Compensation, Reward and Award.

The Board shall recommend to the concerned government agency the grant of compensation, reward and award to any person providing information and to law enforcers participating in the operation, which results in the successful confiscation, seizure or surrender of dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, and precursors and essential chemicals.

SECTION 23. Plea-Bargaining Provision.

Any person charged under any provision of this Act regardless of the imposable penalty shall not be allowed to avail of the provision on plea-bargaining.

SECTION 24. Non-Applicability of the Probation Law for Drug Traffickers and Pushers.

Any person convicted for drug trafficking or pushing under this Act, regardless of the penalty imposed by the court, cannot avail of the privilege granted by the Probation Law or Presidential Decree No. 968, as

amended.

SECTION 25. Qualifying Aggravating Circumstances in the Commission of a Crime by an Offender under the Influence of Dangerous Drugs. Notwithstanding the provisions of any law to the contrary, a positive finding for the use of dangerous drugs shall be a qualifying aggravating circumstance in the commission of a crime by an offender, and the application of the penalty provided for in the Revised Penal Code shall be applicable.

SECTION 33. Immunity from Prosecution and Punishment.

Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 17, Rule 119 of the Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure and the provisions of Republic Act No. 6981 or the Witness Protection, Security and Benefit Act of 1991, any person who has violated Sections 7, 11, 12, 14, 15 and 19, Article II of this Act, who voluntarily gives information about any violation of Sections 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 13 and 16, Article II of this Act as well as any violation of the offenses mentioned if committed by a drug syndicate, or any information leading to the whereabouts, identities and arrest of all of any of the members thereof; and who willingly testifies against such persons as described above, shall be exempted from prosecution or punishment for the offense with reference to which his/her information of testimony were given, and may plead or prove the giving of such information and testimony in bar of such prosecution: Provided, That the following conditions concur:

1. The information and testimony are necessary for the conviction of the persons described above;

2. Such information and testimony are not yet in the possession of the State;

3. Such information and testimony can be corroborated on its material points;

4. The informant or witness has not been previously convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude, except when there is no other direct evidence available for the State other than the information and testimony of said informant or witness; and

5. The informant or witness shall strictly and faithfully comply without delay, any condition or undertaking, reduced into writing, lawfully imposed by the State as further consideration for the grant of immunity from prosecution and punishment.

Provided, further, That this immunity may be enjoyed by such informant or witness who does not appear to be most guilty for the offense with reference to which his/her information or testimony were given: Provided, finally, That there is no direct evidence available for the State except for the information and testimony of the said informant or witness.

ARTICLE III

DANGEROUS DRUGS TEST AND RECORD REQUIREMENTS

SECTION 36. Authorized Drug Testing. Authorized drug testing shall be done by any government forensic laboratories or by any of the drug testing laboratories accredited and monitored by the DOH to safeguard the quality of test results. The DOH shall take steps in setting the price of the drug test with DOH accredited drug testing centers to further reduce the cost of such drug test. The drug testing shall employ, among others, two (2) testing methods, the screening test which will determine the positive result as well as the type of the drug used and the confirmatory test which will confirm a positive screening test. Drug test certificates issued by accredited drug testing centers shall be valid for a one-year period from the date of issue which may be used for other purposes. The following shall be subjected to undergo drug testing:

a) Applicants for driver’s license. – No driver’s license shall be issued or renewed to any person unless he/she presents a certification that he/she has undergone a mandatory drug test and indicating thereon that he/she is free from the use of dangerous drugs.

b) Applicants for firearm’s license and for permit to carry firearms outside of residence. – All applicants for firearm’s license and permit to carry firearms outside of residence shall undergo a mandatory drug test to ensure that they are free from the use of dangerous drugs: Provided, That all persons who by the nature of their profession carry firearms shall undergo drug testing.

c) Students of secondary and tertiary schools. – Students of secondary and tertiary schools shall, pursuant to the related rules and regulations as contained in the school’s student handbook and with notice to the parents, undergo a random drug testing: Provided, That all drug testing expenses whether in public or private schools under this Section will be borne by the government.

d) Officers and employees of public and private offices. – Officers and employees of public and private offices, whether domestic or overseas, shall be subjected to undergo a random drug test as contained in the company’s work rules and regulations, which shall be borne by the employer, for purposes of reducing the risk in the workplace. Any officer or employee found positive for use of dangerous drugs shall be dealt with administratively which shall be a ground for suspension or termination, subject to the provisions of Article 282 of the Labor Code and pertinent provisions of the Civil Service Law.

e) Officers and members of the military, police and other law enforcement agencies. – Officers and members of the military, police and other law enforcement agencies shall undergo an annual mandatory drug test.

f) All persons charged before the prosecutor’s office with a criminal offense having an imposable penalty of imprisonment of not less than six (6) years and one (1) day shall have to undergo a mandatory drug test.

g) All candidates for public office whether appointed or elected both in the national or local government shall undergo a mandatory drug test. In addition to the above stated penalties in this Section, those found to be positive for dangerous drugs use shall be subject to the provisions of Section 15 of this Act.

SECTION 37. Issuance of False or Fraudulent Drug Test Results.

Any person authorized, licensed or accredited under this Act and its implementing rules to conduct drug examination or test, who issues false or fraudulent drug test results knowingly, willfully or through gross negligence, shall suffer the penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) years and one (1) day to twelve (12) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00). An additional penalty shall be imposed through the revocation of the license to practice his/her profession in case of a practitioner, and the closure of the drug testing center.

SECTION 38. Laboratory Examination or Test on Apprehended/Arrested Offenders.

Subject to Section 15 of this Act, any person apprehended or arrested for violating the provisions of this Act shall be subjected to screening laboratory examination or test within twenty-four (24) hours, if the apprehending or arresting officer has reasonable ground to believe that the person apprehended or arrested, on account of physical signs or symptoms or other visible or outward manifestation, is under the influence of dangerous drugs. If found to be positive, the results of the screening laboratory examination or test shall be challenged within fifteen (15) days after receipt of the result through a confirmatory test conducted in any accredited analytical laboratory equipment with a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry equipment or some such modern and accepted method, if confirmed the same shall be prima facie evidence that such person has used dangerous drugs, which is without prejudice for the prosecution for other violations of the provisions of this Act: Provided, That a positive screening laboratory test must be confirmed for it to be valid in a court of law.

ARTICLE IV

PARTICIPATION OF THE FAMILY,

STUDENTS, TEACHERS AND SCHOOL AUTHORITIES IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF THIS ACT

SECTION 41. Involvement of the Family.

The family being the basic unit of the Filipino society shall be primarily responsible for the education and awareness of the members of the family on the ill effects of dangerous drugs and close monitoring of family members who may be susceptible to drug abuse.

SECTION 42. Student Councils and Campus Organizations.

All elementary, secondary and tertiary schools’ student councils and campus organizations shall include in their activities a program for the prevention of and deterrence in the use of dangerous drugs, and referral for treatment and rehabilitation of students for drug dependence.

SECTION 43. School Curricula.

Instruction on drug abuse prevention and control shall be integrated in the elementary, secondary and tertiary curricula of all public and private schools, whether general, technical, vocational or agro-industrial as well as in non-formal, informal and indigenous learning systems. Such instructions shall include:

1) Adverse effects of the abuse and misuse of dangerous drugs on the person, the family, the school and the community;

2) Preventive measures against drug abuse;

3) Health, socio-cultural, psychological, legal and economic dimensions and implications of the drug problem;

4) Steps to take when intervention on behalf of a drug dependent is needed, as well as the services available for the treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependents; and

5) Misconceptions about the use of dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to, the importance and safety of dangerous drugs for medical and therapeutic use as well as the differentiation between medical patients and drug dependents in order to avoid confusion and accidental stigmatization in the consciousness of the students.

SECTION 44. Heads, Supervisors, and Teachers of Schools.

For the purpose of enforcing the provisions of Article II of this Act, all school heads, supervisors and teachers shall be deemed persons in authority and, as such, are hereby empowered to apprehend, arrest or cause the apprehension or arrest of any person who shall violate any of the said provisions, pursuant to Section 5, Rule 113 of the Rules of Court. They shall be deemed persons in authority if they are in the school or within its immediate vicinity, or even beyond such immediate vicinity if they are in attendance at any school or class function in their official capacity as school heads, supervisors, and teachers. Any teacher or school employee, who discovers or finds that any person in the school or within its immediate vicinity is liable for violating any of said provisions, shall have the duty to report the same to the school head or immediate superior who shall, in turn, report the matter to the proper authorities. Failure to do so in either case, within a reasonable period from the time of discovery of the violation shall, after due hearing, constitute sufficient cause for disciplinary action by the school authorities.

SECTION 45. Publication and Distribution of Materials on Dangerous Drugs.

With the assistance of the Board, the Secretary of the Department of Education (DepEd), the Chairman of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and the Director-General of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) shall cause the development, publication and distribution of information and support educational materials on dangerous drugs to the students, the faculty, the parents, and the community.

SECTION 46. Special Drug Education Center.

With the assistance of the Board, the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), the National Youth Commission (NYC), and the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) shall establish in each of its provincial office a special education drug center for out-of-school youth and street children. Such Center which shall be headed by the Provincial Social Welfare Development Officer shall sponsor drug prevention programs and activities and information campaigns with the end in view of educating the out-of school youth and street children regarding the pernicious effects of drug abuse. The programs initiated by the Center shall likewise be adopted in all public and private orphanage and existing special centers for street children.

ARTICLE V

PROMOTION OF A NATIONAL DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE

PROGRAM WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF PRIVATE AND

LABOR SECTORS AND THE

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT

SECTION 47. Drug-Free Workplace.

It is deemed a policy of the State to promote drug-free workplaces using a tripartite approach. With the assistance of the Board, the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) shall develop, promote and implement a national drug abuse prevention program in the workplace to be adopted by private companies with ten (10) or more employees. Such program shall include the mandatory drafting and adoption of company policies against drug use in the workplace in close consultation and coordination with the DOLE, labor and employer organizations, human resource development managers and other such private sector organizations.

SECTION 48. Guidelines for the National Drug-Free Workplace Program.

The Board and the DOLE shall formulate the necessary guidelines for the implementation of the national drug-free workplace program. The amount necessary for the implementation of which shall be included in the General Appropriations Act.

ARTICLE VI

PARTICIPATION OF THE PRIVATE AND LABOR SECTORS

IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF THIS ACT

SECTION 49. Labor Organiza tions and the Private Sector.

All labor unions, federations, associations, or organizations in cooperation with the respective private sector partners shall include in their collective bargaining or any similar agreements, joint continuing programs and information campaigns for the laborers similar to the programs provided under Section 47 of this Act with the end in view of achieving a drug free workplace.

SECTION 50. Government Assistance.

The labor sector and the respective partners may, in pursuit of the programs mentioned in the preceding section, secure the technical assistance, such as but not limited to, seminars and information dissemination campaigns of the appropriate government and law enforcement agencies.

Republic of the Philippines

DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD

5th Floor CHAMP Building, Anda Circle

Bonifacio Drive, Port Area, Manila

CPO Box 3682 Manila

Top 10 Causes of Morbidity and Mortality in The Philippines as of 2002

1. Heart diseases Heart Diseases are varied and may include coronary, ischemic, valvular, inflammatory, hypertensive, hereditary, and infectious causes.
2. Vascular system disease. Closely related to number 1 above, these are the diseases that affect the circulatory system (blood vessels) and may include peripheral artery disease, all types of aneurysms and dissections, atherosclerosis, Buerger's Disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, and arterial embolism and thrombosis. A frequent diet of fatty and salty food, lack of exercise, no periodic medical consultations, and increasing cost of hospitalization all contribute to the existence of this number two killer.
3. Cancer. In order of killing contribution, cancers of the lung, breast, cervix, liver, colon and rectum, prostate, stomach, oral cavity, ovary and leukemia are the specific leading cancer killers in the Philippines today.
4. Accidents. Safety and prevention are two of the frequently ignored concepts by most Filipinos. It is not therefore surprising to find that accidents is the fourth killer. I am not talking about merely driving accidents, but all types of accidents including occupational and otherwise. It is a common sight seeing construction workers not wearing safety harnesses or hard hats. In fact, I have not seen a worker operating a jack hammer wearing any ear protection --- only in the Philippines! Construction in streets and roads are done with a scarcity of signs making both motorists and pedestrians suffer from accidents like colliding with big blocks of stone and falling in open manholes. Also, since we are a disaster-prone country, typhoons, landslides, flash-floods, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes all contribute to the other causes of accidents here.
5. Pneumonia. You would think that in the light of modern medical treatment and wide availability of antibiotics, Pneumonia would no longer kill us, right? Wrong! For adults, this occurs mainly as a complication of other chronic diseases like lung cancer, COPD, tuberculosis, and other debilitating illnesses that leave them bedridden most of the time.
7. Signs, symptoms, abnormal clinical laboratory findings NEC. This number 7 killer confuses me, and much as I have tried to research on it, I can't find what are the specific details about it. What does this mean? Abnormal signs and symptoms? Are these mysterious diseases? If NEC means necrotizing enterocolitis, then this should be looked into and investigated more. In the UK, confirmed cases of necrotizing enterocolitis occurred in three times as many infants who received no breast milk as in those who received both breast milk and formula.
8. Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases. These are all smoking-related diseases and includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and COPD. The Philippines has a law against smoking, but very few establishments and people enforce and follow it.
9. Diabetes. Extrapolated prevalence figures show that there are more than 5 million Filipinos with diabetes today. Central obesity, which means big and bigger tummies, predispose to developing type 2 diabetes. The lack of physical activity amd love of sugar-laden food and beverages predispose to metabolic abnormalities which later on give rise to diabetes. Most consultations are made because of symptoms arising from diabetic complications like diabetic retinopathy (leading to vision loss and blindness), diabetic neuropathy (decreased sensation in the limbs, fingers, often leading to diabetic foot and amputation), and diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage resulting in chronic dialysis).
10. Perintal Conditions. Infant mortality rate in the Philippines is higher compared to its southeast Asian neighbors. Currently, the infant mortality rate is 22.12 deaths per 1,000 live births. Identified causes include sepsis, prematurity, jaundice, entangled umbilical cord leading to asphyxia, diarrhea, and congenital m from the

Top 10 cause of morbidity Philippines Government
>> http://www.doh.gov.ph/kp/statistics/morbidity
Summary: 2004 Survey
1. Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (RTI) and Pneumonia
2. Bronchitis/ Bronchiolitis
3. Acute Watery Diarrhea
4. Influenza
5. Hypertension
6. Tuberculosis/ Respiratory
7. Chickenpox
8. Diseases of the Heart
9. Malaria
10. Dengue Fever alformations. Improved prenatal care can possibly decrease the mortality rates even mor

Outdoor Activities

Outdoor activities usually mean activities done in nature away from civilization, such as hill walking, trekking, canoeing, running, kayaking, rafting, climbing, caving, and arguably broader groups such as water sports and snow sports. Other similar activities include photography, cycling, kayaking or just spending time with family.

Outdoor activities may be pursued for the purposes of enjoying scenery and nature, relieving stress, finding peace in nature, enjoying life and relaxing. They are alternatives to expensive forms of tourism. Outdoor activities are also frequently used as a medium in education and teambuilding.

Located in, done in, or suited to the open air: badminton and other outdoor games. Outdoor pursuits can be loosely considered to be the group of sports and activities which are dependent on the great outdoors, incorporating such things as hill walking, trekking, canoeing, kayaking, climbing, caving, and arguably broader groups such as water sports and snow sport. Outdoor sports most often include nature in the "sport". While obviously enjoyed by many as a bit of fun, an adrenaline rushes, or an escape from reality, outdoor sport is also frequently used as an extremely effective medium in education and teambuilding. It is this ethos that has given rise to links with young people, such as the Duke of Edinburgh's Award and PGL, and large numbers of outdoor education centers being established, as the stress on the importance of a balanced and widespread education continues to grow. Depending on the persons' desired level of adrenaline outdoors can be considered a type of hobby. As interest increases, so has the rise of commercial outdoor pursuits, with outdoor kit stores opening up in large numbers and thriving, as well as outdoor pursuit's journalism and magazines, both on paper and online. The increased accessibility of outdoor pursuit's resources has been the source of some negative publicity over the years also, with complaints of destroying the landscape. A widely-seen example is the destruction of hillsides as footpaths are eroded by excessive numbers of visitors.

Objectives of Outdoor Recreation
1. Appreciation of nature
2. Personal satisfaction and enjoyment
3. Physiological fitness
4. Positive behavioral patterns

Five Components of Outdoor Experiences
1. Pursuing, obtaining, and displaying physical/natural objects.
2. Feeling of isolation in nature
3. Fresh air and scenery.
4. Perceptions of natural processes.
5. Sense of husbandry.

Outdoor Recreation Values
1. Cultural values. Appreciation for the natural wonders revealed through poetry, books, songs, and dance.
2. Psychological benefits. Creates opportunities to develop an individual's potential and increased life satisfaction.
3. Sociological values. Opportunities to participate in socially redeeming activities as opposed to low-quality recreation activities. Provided opportunities for socialization.
4. Physiological benefits. Increased opportunities for fitness and improved health.
5. Challenge and adventure. Opportunities for self-discovery and increased self-esteem.
6. Educational benefits. the out-of-doors offers a unique and challenging educational setting.
7. Spiritual values. The outdoors promotes a powerful experience of freedom, serenity, and humility.

Reproductive Health

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Reproductive health is about the reproductive systems of men and women. It also discusses sexuality, reproduction and childbearing. It also implies that people are able to have satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and freedom t decide if, when and how often to do so. The idea of procreation and reproduction f the men and women are some of the concerns of reproductive health education. It is the couple's right to exercise their responsibility, that is, they should decide when and how t practices their reproductive right. In reproductive health a woman is assured of access to appropriate health information and services t enable her to go through pregnancy and childbirth safely. It also provides protection from women from unwanted pregnancy by having access to safe and acceptable methods f family planning of their choice, protection from harmful reproductive practices and violence and lastly, access to information on sexuality.

What is Reproductive Health?
According to World Health Organization, Reproductive Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system and t its functions and process.

It is the goal of reproductive health to assist individual and couples t:
• Achieve healthy sexual development and maturation
• Achieve their reproductive intention
• Avoid illness, injuries and disabilities related t sexuality and reproduction.
Within the framework of WHO's definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, reproductive health, or sexual health/hygiene, addresses the reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages of life.[1] Reproductive health, therefore, implies that people are able to have a responsible, satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. Implicit in this are the right of men and women to be informed of and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of fertility regulation of their choice, and the right of access to appropriate health care services that will enable women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth and provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant. According to the WHO, "Reproductive and sexual ill-health accounts for 20% of the global burden of ill-health for women, and 14% for men."

Dimensions of Reproductive Health

Male
Process of Ejaculation

In the male reproductive system the testes are the one producing the male sex cells called sperms. Which are about 50 Million every 24 hours in a young healthy man. The testes are located in the scrotum. If the sperms are aged enough , it is now stored at the epididymis. Before leaving the body, the sperm moves through the vas deferens to the prostate gland which releases fluids to nourish the sperms. Before passing to the urethra the seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct releases fluids which empty the urethral canal f the penis. After this the sperm now travel through the urethra and out f the penis.

Female
Process of Ovulation
An ovary about to release an egg.
When the egg has nearly matured, the level of estradiol in the body has increased enough to trigger a sudden release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland.In the average cycle this LH surge starts around cycle day 12 and may last 48 hours. The release of LH matures the egg and weakens the wall of the follicle in the ovary, causing the fully developed follicle to release its secondary oocyte. The secondary oocyte promptly matures into an ootid and then becomes a mature ovum. The mature ovum is the largest cell of the body, with a diameter of between 0.1 and 0.2 mm. Which of the two ovaries--left or right--ovulates appears essentially random; no known left/right co-ordination exists. Occasionally, both ovaries will release an egg; if both eggs are fertilized, the result is fraternal twins. After being released from the ovary, the egg is swept into the fallopian tube by the fimbria, which is a fringe of tissue at the end of each fallopian tube. After about a day, an unfertilized egg will disintegrate or dissolve in the fallopian tube. Fertilization by a spermatozoon, when it occurs, usually takes place well inside the fallopian tubes. An egg that is fertilized immediately begins the process of embryogenesis, or development. The developing embryo takes about three days to reach the uterus and another three days to implant into the endometrium. It has usually reached the blastocyst stage at the time of implantation. In some women, ovulation features a characteristic pain called mittelschmerz (German term meaning middle pain), which may last a few hours. The sudden change in hormones at the time of ovulation also causes light mid-cycle blood flow from the vagina of some women.

Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. It is also the initiation of prenatal development. Fertilization constitutes the penetration of the oocyte (egg) which the sperm performs, fusion of the sperm and oocyte, succeeded by fusion of their genetic material
Penetration

Fertilization starts with a man and a woman initiating sexual intercourse. The man inserts the penis into the womans vagina, penetrating her vaginally. When the man experiences orgasm, a single sperm may penetrate the cell membrane of the oocyte. To reach the oocyte, the sperm must pass through the corona radiata and the zona pellucida; two layers covering and protecting the oocyte from fertilization by more than one sperm.
Corona radiata
The sperm passes through the corona radiata, a layer of follicle cells on the outside of the secondary oocyte.
Acrosome reaction
The acrosome reaction must occur to mobilise enzymes within the head of the spermatozoon to degrade the zona pellucida.
Zona pellucida
The sperm then reaches the zona pellucida, which is an extra-cellular matrix of glyco-proteins. A special complementary molecule on the surface of the sperm head then binds to a ZP3 glyco-protein in the zona pellucida. This binding triggers the acrosome to burst, releasing enzymes that help the sperm get through the zona pellucida.
Some sperm cells consume their acrosome prematurely on the surface of the egg cell, facilitating for surrounding, having on average 50% genome similarity, to penetrate the egg cell.[1] It may be regarded as a mechanism of kin selection.
Cortical reaction
When the sperm penetrates the zona pellucida, the cortical reaction occurs: cortical granules inside the secondary oocyte fuses with the plasma membrane of the cell, causing enzymes inside these granules to be expelled by exocytosis to the zona pellucida. This in turn causes the glyco-proteins in the zona pellucida to cross-link with each other, making the whole matrix hard and impermeable to sperm. This prevents fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm.

Fusion
The sperm fuses with the oocyte, enabling fusion of their genetic material, in turn.

Cell membranes
The cell membranes of the secondary oocyte and sperm fuse together.
Transformations
Both the oocyte and the sperm go through transformations, as a reaction to the fusion of cell membranes, preparing for the fusion of their genetic material.
The oocyte now completes its second meiotic division. This results in a mature ovum. The nucleus of the oocyte is called a pronucleus in this process, to distinguish it from the nuclei that are the result of fertilization.
The sperm's tail and mitochondria degenerate with the formation of the male pronucleus. This is why all mitochondria in humans are of maternal origin.
Replication
The pronuclei migrate toward the center of the oocyte, rapidly replicating their DNA as they do so to prepare the new human for its first mitotic division.
Mitosis
The male and female pronuclei don't fuse, although their genetic material do so. Instead, their membranes dissolve, leaving no barriers between the male and female chromosomes. During this dissolution, a mitotic spindle forms around them to catch the chromosomes before they get lost in the egg cytoplasm. By subsequently performing a mitosis (which includes pulling of chromatids towards centrosomes in anaphase) the cell gathers genetic material from the male and female together. Thus, the first mitosis of the union of sperm and oocyte is the actual fusion of their chromosomes.
Each of the two daughter cells resulting from that mitosis have one replica of each chromatid that was replicated in the previous stage. Thus, they are genetically identical.
In other words, the sperm and oocyte don't fuse into one cell, but into two identical cells.

Care and Issues of Reproductive Health

Family planning is frequently used to mean that people plan when to have children, using birth control and other techniques to implement that plan. Other techniques commonly used include sexuality education, prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections, preconception counseling[3] and management, and infertility management. Family planning is sometimes used as a synonym for the use of birth control, though it often includes more. It is most usually applied to the circumstance of a monogamous female-male couple who wish to limit the number of children they have and/or to control the timing of pregnancy (also known as spacing children)
Planning for Health
Waiting until mother is at least 18 years old before trying to have children improves maternal and child health. If additional children are desired, it is healthier for both the mother and child to wait at least 2 years after the previous birth before attempting to conceive (but not more than 5 years) After a miscarriage or abortion, it is healthier to wait at least 6 months.

Birth Control
Abstinence

Effectiveness (chances of NOT getting pregnant): 100%

What is Abstinence?

Refraining from vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse.

Advantages of Abstinence:
• No risk of unintended pregnancy.
• No risk of becoming infected with a sexually transmitted disease.
• Opportunities to express feelings and affection for another in other ways.
Disadvantages of Abstinence:
• Both partners must agree to honor this choice.
• Partners must have excellent communication skills; yes must mean yes and no must mean no.
• May need emergency contraceptive method if this method fails.


How do I decide?
• Are you comfortable expressing your feelings for another in nonsexual ways?
• Is your partner in agreement?
• Does this method fit with your religious or moral beliefs?
• Is abstinence the best decision for you?
• Do you want to discuss this method with your clinician, family planning clinic staff, husband, partner, friend, or family member?
Cervical Cap

Effectiveness (chances of NOT getting pregnant): 60-90 %

What is the cervical cap?
• It is a barrier contraceptive method.
• A soft rubber cup like device that fits snuggly around the base of the cervix.
• It is used with spermicide for prolonged and additional pregnancy prevention.
What are the advantages of the cervical cap?
• Simple to use.
• No serious side effects.
• Does not require partner involvement.
• Good for persons who do not have sex on a regular basis.
• May decrease risks of some sexually transmitted diseases.
• Provides contraceptive protection for up to 48 hours, no matter how many times
lovemaking occurs.
• Does not interrupt lovemaking.
• Does not interfere with breast-feeding.
What are the disadvantages of the cervical cap?
• Consistent and correct use is required to prevent pregnancy.
• Persons with allergies to latex or spermicides cannot use.
• Remains in vagina for at least 6 hours after intercourse.
• Possible risk of Toxic Shock Syndrome, if worn longer than 48 hours.
• May experience vaginal odor with prolonged use.
How Do I Decide?
• Are you comfortable inserting a medical device into your vagina?
• Do you have sex frequently (more than three times weekly)? If so, you may want to use another method.
• Are you sensitive or allergic to latex or spermicidal products?
• Does this method fit with your religious or moral beliefs?
• Is the cervical cap the best method for you?
• Do you want to discuss this method with your clinician, family planning clinic staff, husband, partner, friend, or family member?
Condom (Male)

Effectiveness (chances of NOT getting pregnant): 86 - 97%

What is a male condom?
• Made out of latex (rubber), but polyurethane and tactylon (both plastic) are available.
• Over the counter barrier method of birth control.
Advantages of the male condom:
• Easy to get and relatively inexpensive.
• Can be discontinued at any time.
• Provides some protection from sexually transmitted diseases and HIV.
• Reliable method for people who cannot use hormonal birth control methods.
• Responsibility of both partners.
• Can be purchased without a prescription.
• Does not interfere with breast-feeding.
Disadvantages of the male condom; you may experience the following:
• Non-cooperative partner.
• Some irritation or sensitivity to latex.
• Difficulty using condoms correctly.
• Must use a new condom with every sex act.
• Some men say it reduces sexual feelings.
• Must be rolled onto an erect penis before sexual intercourse, can interrupt foreplay.
• Spillage or leaking of sperm is possible if condom is put on or removed incorrectly.
How Should I decide?
• Will you remember to use it every time you have sex?
• Will your partner be cooperative in the use of this method?
• Can you or your partner maintain an erection?
• Does this method fit with your religious or moral beliefs?
• Is the condom the best method for you?
• Do you want to discuss this method with your clinician, family planning clinic staff,
partner, friend, or family member?
Depo-Provera ("The Shot")

Effectiveness (chances of NOT getting pregnant): More than 99%

What is Depo-Provera?
• It is an injection given every 3 months.
• It contains synthetic progesterone.
• It stops ovulation, and/or thickens the cervical mucus to prevent sperm from passing through.
• It is a reversible method of birth control given only by prescription.
Advantages of Depo-Provera:
• Does not interfere with sex.
• Only need to get a shot 4 times a year.
• May stop menses or make them very light.
• Excellent alternative for women 35 and older who smoke.
• Reduces the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer.
Disadvantages of Depo-Provera:
• Irregular or unpredictable bleeding or spotting.
• Possible hair loss.
• Weight gain, especially right after pregnancy.
• It may delay your chances of getting pregnant after the shots are stopped. It can take between six and eighteen months for menstruation and ovulation to return consistently. This does not mean that you are protected from pregnancy during this time. Use alternate protection, such as condoms.
• Does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases (see warning below).
• You must go to the clinic or doctor's office 4 times a year.
How Do I Decide?
• Is getting a shot a problem for you?
• Do you have any medical problems that will prevent you from taking Depo-Provera?
• Do you have liver disease, breast cancer or blood clots in your arms, legs or lungs?
• Do you have sex frequently or not very often, if not very often do you want extra
hormones in your body all the time?
• Does this method fit with your religious, or moral beliefs?
• Is the Depo-Provera shot the best decision for you?
• Do you want to discuss this method with your clinician, family planning clinic staff,
husband, partner, friend, or family member?
Diaphragm

Effectiveness (chances of NOT getting pregnant): 80-94% (during first year of use and whether or not you have delivered a child)

What is a diaphragm?
• Barrier type birth control method prescribed by your family planning clinician.
• A dome shaped rubber cup with flexible rim that covers the cervix and is inserted into the vagina before intercourse.
• Used in combination with spermicidal jelly or cream.
Advantages of the diaphragm:
• Simple to use.
• No serious systemic side effects.
• Does not require partner involvement.
• Good for persons who do not have sex on a regular basis.
• Decreases risk of some sexually transmitted diseases.
• Does not interrupt lovemaking.
• Decreases risk of cervical cancer.
• Does not interfere with breast-feeding.
Disadvantages of the diaphragm:
• Consistent and correct use is required to prevent pregnancy.
• Persons with allergies to latex or spermicides cannot use.
• Increased risks for developing urinary tract infections (UTI's).
• Remains in vagina for at least 6 hours after intercourse.
• Repeated sexual intercourse requires additional spermicide.
• Must remove within 24 hours to avoid risk of toxic shock syndrome (TSS).
• Must replace diaphragm every two years.
How Do I Decide?
• Are you comfortable touching your vagina?
• Are you comfortable inserting a medical device into your vagina?
• Do you have sex frequently (more than three times weekly)? If so you may want to use another method.
• Are you sensitive or allergic to latex or spermicidal products?
• Does this method fit with your religious or moral beliefs?
• Is the diaphragm the best method for you?
• Do you want to discuss this method with your clinician, family planning clinic staff,
husband, partner, friend, or family member?
ECP or Emergency Contraceptive Pills

Effectiveness (chance of NOT getting pregnant): 74 % - 89%

What is the ECP or Emergency Contraceptive Pills?
• An emergency contraceptive method used after sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy.
• Is most effective when used within 12 hours of unprotected intercourse or contraceptive accident.
• ECP can be used up to 72 hours or three days after unprotected sex.
• ECP only works if a woman is not already pregnant.
• Interferes with egg development.
• Prevents or delays ovulation.
• Inhibits fertilization.
Advantages of ECP or Emergency Contraceptive Pills:
• Only method of contraception used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex.
• Only method used to prevent pregnancy after male condom slipped, broke, or leaked.
• Only method used to prevent pregnancy after a woman's diaphragm or cervical cap was inserted incorrectly, removed too early, or found to be torn.
• Only method used to prevent pregnancy after a woman has missed one or more of oral contraceptives.
• Only method used to prevent pregnancy when a female condom was inserted or
removed incorrectly.
• Method may be obtained ahead of time from a family planning clinician to be used when needed. Plan B, a brand name for ECP, is also available at a pharmacy. Women and men who are 18 or older can now purchase Plan B over the counter with proof of age. In most states, including Pennsylvania, women 17 or under will still need a prescription from a clinician for Plan B or other ECP methods.
Disadvantages of ECP or Emergency Contraceptive Pills:
• Does not work if already pregnant.
• Limited time frame (ECP must be used within 72 hours or three days after unprotected sex). Is not an ongoing method of contraception.
• Nausea occurs in 23% to 50 % of women who use this method (medications to prevent nausea are available).
• Vomiting occurs in 5 to 25% of women who use this method (medications to prevent vomiting are available).
• Ectopic (tubal) pregnancy may be a possible result.
• ECP changes the amount, duration, and timing of the next menstrual period in about 10 to 15% of women treated.
• There is still a chance of pregnancy. If menstrual cycle does not start in 7 days, consider pregnancy and contact your family planning clinician.
• Does not provide protection from sexually transmitted diseases.
How do I decide?
• Do you want to be pregnant?
• Do you understand that there is a possibility of pregnancy after taking ECP?
• Do you have unprotected sex frequently?
• Is 72 hours enough time for you to make a decision and get ECP?
• Does this method fit with your religious or moral beliefs?
• Do you want to discuss this method with your clinician, family planning clinic staff, husband, partner, friend, or family member?
Female Condom

Effectiveness (chances of NOT getting pregnant): 79% - 95%

What is the female condom?
• Over the counter barrier method of birth control.
• It is polyurethane (plastic) sheath with an inner ring that fits inside the vagina, around the cervix (like the diaphragm) and an outer ring that covers the outside labia.
• After the man ejaculates, you must twist the end closed and gently pull from the vagina.
Advantages of the female condoms:
• Can be inserted into the vagina up to eight hours before sexual intercourse.
• Can be used with spermicides to increase STD protection.
• Provides protection against some sexually transmitted diseases and HIV.
• Can be used by people allergic to latex or spermicides or by those who can't take
hormones.
• Made from polyurethane plastic, which conducts body heat.
• Erection unnecessary to keep female condom in place.
• Some women and men have an increased sensitivity or "natural" feel compared to
male condoms.
• Can be purchased without a prescription.
• Does not interfere with breast-feeding.
Disadvantages of the female condoms:
You may experience the following:
• Difficulty inserting and/or keeping in place.
• Cannot be combined with male condoms as they pull each other off.
• May be noisy (add more lubricant if this is a problem).
• May irritate vagina or penis.
• More expensive than male latex condoms.
• Must be used every time you have sex.
• After the man ejaculates, you must twist the end close and gently pull from the vagina.
How do I decide?
• Are you comfortable touching your vaginal area?
• Will you remember to use it every time you have sex?
• Does this method fit with your religious or moral beliefs?
• Is the female condom the best method for you?
• Do you want to discuss this method with your clinician, family planning clinic staff, husband, partner, friend, or family member?
Female Sterilization

Effectiveness (chances of NOT getting pregnant): More than 99%

What is female sterilization?

A surgical intervention that mechanically blocks the fallopian tube to prevent the sperm
and egg from uniting.

Advantages of female sterilization:
• Very reliable and effective method of contraception.
• Permanent method.
• No long term side effects.
• Does not interrupt lovemaking.
• Does not require partner involvement.
• Nothing to remember or buy.
• Does not interfere with breast-feeding.

Disadvantages of female sterilization:
• Permanent method.
• Difficult and expensive to reverse surgical procedure.
• Requires skilled surgeon to perform procedure.
• Expensive procedure.
• Possible ectopic (tubal) pregnancy if method fails.
• No protection against sexually transmitted diseases.
How do I decide?
• Are you sure you do not want any more children?
• Are you willing to have an operation to prevent pregnancy?
• Have you considered other methods?
• Does this method fit with your religious or moral beliefs?
• Your decision for female sterilization should be what is best for you.
• Do you want to discuss this method with your clinician, family planning clinic staff, husband, partner, friend, or family member?
Intrauterine Device ("IUD")

Effectiveness (chances of NOT getting pregnant): 98% - 99%

What is an IUD?
• Small plastic device which is placed in the uterus by a clinician.
• Prevents sperm from fertilizing egg.
• Some contain synthetic progesterone others have copper on them.
• It is a reversible method of birth control given only by prescription.
Advantages of the IUD:
• Easy to use, low maintenance method.
• Easily inserted and removed in a clinic or doctor's office.
• Has no systemic side effects.
• Depending on the type they can be left in place 1, 5, or 10 years.
• Reduces the risk of tubal pregnancy.
• Does not interfere with breast-feeding.
Disadvantages of the IUD:
• Must be inserted and removed in a clinic or doctor's office.
• Easily inserted and removed in a clinic or doctor's office.
• May be some cramping or pain at the time of insertion.
• May experience increased bleeding or cramping during periods.
• May experience spotting between periods.
• Should not be used by women with multiple sex partners because this increases
exposure to STD's, which significantly increases the risk of pelvic inflammatory
disease (PID).
How do I decide?
• Does this method fit with your religious or moral beliefs?
• Do you have sex frequently? (The IUD functions 24 hours a day.)
• Decide if it fits your birth control needs.
• Is the IUD the best method for you?
• Do you want to discuss this method with your clinician, family planning clinic staff,
husband, partner, friend, or family member?
Norplant

Effectiveness (chances of NOT getting pregnant): More than 99%

What is Norplant?
• Six capsules containing synthetic hormones inserted under the skin of your upper arm.
• Capsules slowly release hormones into the bloodstream over a 5-year period.
• These hormones stop the ovaries from releasing an egg each month.
• Hormones also thicken mucus in the cervix (opening to the uterus), stopping sperm from entering it.
• Reversible method of birth control.
Advantages of Norplant:
• Long term method can stay in for 5 years.
• After 12 to 18 months of using this method, periods usually stop.
• Can be removed anytime, and the woman can become pregnant right away.
• Does not interfere with sex.
• Reduces risk of ovarian or endometrial cancer.
Disadvantages of Norplant:
• You may experience spotting between periods, light periods, longer periods, or no
periods.
• You may experience weight gain and hair loss.
• It is expensive anywhere between $500 and $700 depending on where you go (at a Title X Federally supported family planning clinic fees are based on family size and income, so fees could range from $0 to $700).
• It requires minor surgery for insertion and removal of the capsules (done in the clinic or doctor's office).
• Effectiveness is lowered by most antiseizure medications.
How do I decide?
• Is having a small scar and having the capsules in your body a problem for you?
• Do you have any medical problems such as breast cancer, liver, or heart disease that will prevent you from using this method?
• Does this method fit with your religious or moral beliefs?
• Do you have sex frequently or not very often? If not very often, do you want extrahormones in your body all the time?
• Is the Norplant method best for you?
• Do you want to discuss this method with your clinician, family planning clinic staff,
husband, partner, friend, or family member?
NuvaRing ("The Ring")

Effectiveness
• 99% chance of NOT getting pregnant
• Less than 1 per 1000 woman may become pregnant if method is not used as prescribed.
What is the NuvaRing?
• The NuvaRing is a comfortable, flexible contraceptive ring that is about two inches in diameter and contains synthetic low dose hormones (progestin and estrogen); these hormones are similar to those produced by a women's body.
• The NuvaRing is placed directly into the vagina; hormones are released from the ring and are directly absorbed through the walls of the vagina then distributed into the bloodstream.
• Pregnancy is prevented because the ring prevents the ovaries from producing mature eggs.
• The ring is a reversible method of birth control available only by prescription.
Advantages of NuvaRing
• Does not interfere with sex. Ability to remove the ring at leisure.
• No need to remember to put it on daily/weekly. Month long protection (3 weeks in, 1 week out)
• Exact positioning of the NuvaRing is not critical; however the ring should be placed high in the vault of the vagina.
• Muscles within the vagina allow the ring to stay in place during sex and/or exercise.
• Reduces menstrual flow and cramping.
• Decreases acne outbreaks.
• Reduces the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer.
• Ability to become pregnant immediately after discontinued use, if seeking pregnancy.
Disadvantages of NuvaRing
• Not a good choice if patient is uncomfortable with touching herself.
• Increased risk of heart attack, stroke, or blood clots (in lungs, legs, or arms), especially if you smoke more than 15 cigarettes a day, or are over 35 and smoke.
• Patient may experience vagina discomfort and discharge.
• If the ring is kept out of the vagina longer than 3 hours on any day during the 21 day period (3weeks) pregnancy can occur; therefore a back-up method (condoms) is recommended for 7 days.
• Does not prevent sexually transmitted diseases (see warning below).
How Do I Decide?
• Are you comfortable touching your genitalia to place and remove the ring?
• Are you smoking more than 15 cigarettes a day? If yes this method may not be good for you.
• Do you have liver disease, breast cancer and/or blood clots in lungs, legs, or arms?
• Are you taking any medications that may interfere with the effectiveness of the ring? (Consult with a clinician)
• Does this method fit with your religious or moral beliefs?
Ortho Evra ("The Patch")

Effectiveness
• 95% - 99% chance of NOT getting pregnant
• Between 1 and 5 per 100 women may become pregnant if method is not used as prescribed.
What is the Patch?
• The Patch contains synthetic hormones (progesterone and estrogen); these hormones are similar to those produced by a women's body.
• The patch is placed directly on the skin; these hormones are released from the patch directly through the skin into the bloodstream.
• Pregnancy is prevented because the patch stops ovulation and/or thickens the cervical mucus and stops sperm from passing through.
• The patch is a reversible method of birth control available only by prescription.
• The patch is less effective in women weighting more than 198lbs.
Advantages of the Patch
• Does not interfere with sex.
• No need to remember to put it on daily. Apply a new patch once a week.
• Reduces menstrual flow and cramping.
• Decreases acne outbreaks.
• Reduces the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer.
• Ability to become pregnant immediately after discontinued use, if seeking pregnancy.
Disadvantages of the Patch
• May cause slight skin irritation at the patch site.
• Increased risk of heart attack, stroke, or blood clots (in lungs, legs, or arms), especially if you smoke more than 15 cigarettes a day, or are over 35 and smoke.
• Possible mood swings or depression.
• Women are encouraged not to use creams, lotions, or oils near the patch site these agents may cause the patch to detach.
• Does not prevent sexually transmitted diseases (see warning below).
"Recent news stories overstate the blood clot risk from the Ortho Evra contraceptive patch, experts tell WebMD."
How Do I Decide?
• Can you remember to put on a new patch once a week?
• Are you smoking more than 15 cigarettes a day? If yes this method may not be good for you.
• Do you have liver disease, breast cancer and/or blood clots in lungs, legs, or arms?
• Does this method fit with your religious or moral beliefs?
Oral Contraceptives ("The Pill")

Effectiveness (chances of NOT getting pregnant): 95% - 99% (1-5 in 1000 women become pregnant during their first year of using the pill)

What is the Pill?
• Synthetic hormones (progesterone and/or estrogen) like those produced by the body to regulate the menstrual cycle.
• Pregnancy is prevented because the pill stops ovulation and/or thickens the cervical
mucus by stopping sperm from passing through.
• Reversible method of birth control given only by prescription.
Advantages of the Pill:
• Doesn't interfere with sex.
• Regulates the menstrual cycle.
• Reduces menstrual flow and cramping.
• Decreases acne outbreaks.
• Reduces the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer.
• Most popular method used.
Disadvantages of the Pill:
• Must be taken every day at the same time each day.
• Increased risk of heart attack, stroke, or blood clots (in lungs, legs, or arms), especially if you smoke more than 10 cigarettes a day, or are over 35 and smoke.
• Possible mood swings or depression.
• May decrease sexual desire.
• Can not be used if you are 35 or older and smoke.
• Does not prevent sexually transmitted diseases (see warning below).
How do I decide?
• Can you remember to take a pill every day?
• Do you have sex frequently or not very often?If not very often, do you want to take a pill every day?
• Are there some medical problems that prevent you from taking the pill?
• Do you have liver disease, breast cancer and/or blood clots in lungs, legs, or arms?
• Does this method fit with your religious or moral beliefs?
• Is the pill the best method for you?
• Do you want to discuss this method with your clinician, family planning clinic staff,
husband, partner, friend, or family member?
Vaginal Spermicides

Effectiveness (chances of NOT getting pregnant): 50-95% (among typical users in the first year of use)




What are vaginal spermicides?
• A chemical birth control method that kills sperm and prevents pregnancy.
• Comes in the form of gel, foam, cream, film, suppository, or tablet.
Advantages of vaginal spermicides:
• A relatively safe contraceptive method when combined with the use of a barrier method (condom, diaphragm, cervical cap).
• May lower the chance of becoming infected with a bacterial sexually transmitted disease.
• Can be purchased without prescription.
• Depending on the amount purchased is relatively inexpensive.
• Immediate protection is available.
• Good method for persons who have sexual intercourse infrequently or not very often.
• Simple back up method for women waiting to start the pill or have an IUD inserted, or for forgetting to take pill or running out of pills.
• Provides lubrication during intercourse especially with condom use.
• Male partner does not need to be involved in decision to use product.
• Does not interfere with breast feeding.
Disadvantages of vaginal spermicides:
• Allergic reactions or hypersensitivity to ingredients may occur.
• Some persons may have difficulty inserting properly.
• Abnormal vaginal anatomy (e.g. prolapsed uterus) may interfere with proper insertion.
• Poor protection from HIV exposure.
How do I decide?
• Are you sensitive or allergic to ingredients in product?
• Do you have sexual intercourse infrequently? This may a good choice for you.
• Are you comfortable touching your vagina?
• Do you want to use vaginal spermicides as a backup?
• Does this method fit with your religious or moral beliefs?
• Your decision should be what is best for you.
• Do you want to discuss this method with your clinician, family planning clinic staff,
husband, partner, friend, or family member?
Vasectomy (Male Sterilization)

Effectiveness (chances of NOT getting pregnant): 99% or more

What is a Vasectomy?

A surgical procedure that prevents pregnancy by blocking the passage of sperm into the
ejaculated seminal fluid (cum).

Advantages of Vasectomy:
• Permanent method of contraceptive.
• Highly effective method.
• Very safe surgical procedure.
• Removes the responsibility of contraception from the woman.
• No significant long term side effects.
• Does not interrupt lovemaking.
• Highly acceptable method.
• A no scalpel Vasectomy is also available.
Disadvantages of Vasectomy:
• Protection for the male only (females are at risk for pregnancy).
• Usually irreversible.
• Requires skilled medical personnel.
• Lack of protection from sexually transmitted diseases and infections, including HIV.
• Initial cost may be expensive, some times considered an elective procedure, and
requires self-pay. However, the long term cost benefits are great.
• Although unproven, serious long-term effects are possible.
How do I decide?
• Are you sure you do not want any more children?
• Can you tolerate a surgical procedure?
• Can you afford the procedure?
• Have other methods been considered?
• Does this method fit your religious or moral beliefs?
• Is a Vasectomy the best decision for you?
• Do you want to discuss this method with your clinician, family planning clinic staff,
partner, friend, or family member?
Withdrawal (Coitus Interruptus)

Effectiveness (chance of NOT getting pregnant): 4% to 19%



What is Withdrawal?
• A contraceptive method that prevents fertilization by preventing the contact between the sperm and egg.
• Couple engages in penile-vaginal intercourse until ejaculation is about to occur.
• The male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina and away from the external
genitalia of the female partner.
Advantages of Withdrawal:
• Costs nothing.
• Requires no devices.
• Involves no chemicals.
• Available in any situation.
Disadvantages of Withdrawal:
• Chances of getting pregnant with this method are much higher than with any other
method.
• Some men have difficulty telling when they will ejaculate.
• Some men may not withdraw in sufficient time.
• Interruption of the excitement or plateau phase of the sexual response cycle may
decrease pleasurable experience.
• High risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases and infections.
How do I decide?
• Is the risk of getting pregnant too large?
• What about the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease?
• Does the method fit with your religious or moral beliefs?
• Do you want to discuss this method with your clinician, family planning clinic staff,
husband, partner, friend, or family member
Sexually transmitted disease (STD) or venereal disease (VD), is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between humans or animals by means of sexual contact, including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex. Increasingly, the term sexually transmitted infection (STI) is used, as it has a broader range of meaning; a person may be infected, and may potentially infect others, without showing signs of disease. Some STIs can also be transmitted via use of an IV drug needle after its use by an infected person, as well as through childbirth or breastfeeding. Sexually transmitted infections have been well known for hundreds of years.
Sexual abuse, also referred to as molestation, is the forcing of undesired sexual acts by one person upon another. The offender is referred to as a molester/molestor/abuser/sexual abuser. When the victim is younger than the age of consent, it is referred to as child sexual abuse. Types of sexual abuse include:
• Non-consensual, forced physical sexual behavior such as rape or sexual assault
• The use of a position of trust to compel non-consensual sexual behavior without physical force
• Incest, when it is coerced by force or emotional manipulation; the euphemism "bad touch" is sometimes used to describe such abuse. [
Spousal abuse is the term applied to the specific form of domestic violence, where physical or sexual abuse is perpetrated by one spouse upon another. Frequently this involves forced sex (spousal rape) upon a spouse without his or her consent. Spousal abuse is inclusive of sexual abuse toward spouses (spousal sexual abuse).
Occupational misconduct
Sexual misconduct in occupational and educational settings can occur where one person makes use of their position of authority in order to compel compliance. A university student may feel compelled to comply with a professor's sexual advances for fear of being given a failing grade. Or an employee may likewise be coerced in exchange for not being terminated.

Sexual abuse of children/minors
Child sexual abuse refers to sexual abuse of a child (see also: minor) by an adult, or some other person significantly older or in a position of power or control over the child, where the child is used for sexual stimulation of another person. Studies of the effects of child sexual abuse often define it as including invitations or requests in addition to actual actions, with regard to any sexual interactions between adult and child, from kissing or hugging to completed intercourse, and all other related activities.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a member of the retrovirus family) that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections. Previous names for the virus include human T-lymphotropic virus-III (HTLV-III), lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV), and AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV). Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. The four major routes of transmission are unprotected sexual intercourse, contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth. Screening of blood products for HIV has largely eliminated transmission through blood transfusions or infected blood products in the developed world. HIV infection in humans is now pandemic. As of January 2006, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized on December 1, 1981, making it one of the most destructive pandemics in recorded history. It is estimated that about 0.6 percent of the world's population is infected with HIV.[3][dated info] In 2005 alone, AIDS claimed an estimated 2.4–3.3 million lives, of which more than 570,000 were children. A third of these deaths are occurring in sub-Saharan Africa, retarding economic growth and increasing poverty.[4] According to current estimates, HIV is set to infect 90 million people in Africa, resulting in a minimum estimate of 18 million orphans. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries. HIV primarily infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages and dendritic cells. HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through three main mechanisms: firstly, direct viral killing of infected cells; secondly, increased rates of apoptosis in infected cells; and thirdly, killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells. When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections. Eventually most HIV-infected individuals develop AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). These individuals mostly die from opportunistic infections or malignancies associated with the progressive failure of the immune system. Without treatment, about 9 out of every 10 persons with HIV will progress to AIDS after 10-15 years. Many progress much sooner. Treatment with anti-retrovirals increases the life expectancy of people infected with HIV. Even after HIV has progressed to diagnosable AIDS, the average survival time with antiretroviral therapy (as of 2005) is estimated to be more than 5 years. Without antiretroviral therapy, death normally occurs within a year. It is hoped that current and future treatments may allow HIV-infected individuals to achieve a life expectancy approaching that of the general public.
Adolescent sexuality refers to sexual feelings, behavior and development in adolescents and is a stage of human sexuality. Sexuality is a vital aspect of teens' lives.[1] The sexual behavior of adolescents is, in most cases, influenced by their culture's norms and mores, their sexual orientation, and the issues of social control such as age of consent laws. In humans, mature sexual desire usually begins to appear with the onset of puberty. Sexual expression can take the form of masturbation or sex with a partner. Sexual interests among adolescents, like adults, can vary greatly. Sexual activity in general is associated with a number of risks, including sexually transmitted diseases (including HIV/AIDS) and unwanted pregnancy. This is particularly true for adolescents as most are not emotion.
Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex, or to a homosexual orientation. As a sexual orientation, homosexuality refers to "having sexual and romantic attraction primarily or exclusively to members of one's own sex"; "it also refers to an individual's sense of personal and social identity based on those attractions, behaviors expressing them, and membership in a community of others who share them." Homosexuality, bisexuality, and heterosexuality together make up the three main classifications of sexual orientation and are the factors in the Heterosexual-homosexual continuum. The exact proportion of the population that is homosexual is difficult to estimate reliably, but most recent studies place it at 2–7%Sexual orientation is also distinguished from other aspects of sexuality, "including biological sex (the anatomical, physiological, and genetic characteristics associated with being male or female), gender identity (the psychological sense of being male, female or other), and social gender role (adherence to cultural norms defining feminine and masculine behavior)."Etymologically, the word homosexual is a Greek and Latin hybrid with homos (sometimes confused with the later Latin meaning of "man", as in Homo sapiens) deriving from the Greek word for same, thus connoting sexual acts and affections between members of the same sex, including lesbianism.[13][14] The word gay generally refers to male homosexuality, but is sometimes used in a broader sense, especially in the mediato refer to homosexuality in general. In the context of sexuality, the word lesbian always denotes female homosexuality. There is much evidence of both acceptance and repression of homosexual behavior throughout recorded history. During the last several decades, there has been a trend towards increased visibility, recognition, and legal rights for homosexuals, including marriage and civil unions, parenting rights, and equal access to health care.
Abortion is the removal or expulsion of a mammalian embryo or fetus from the uterus, resulting in or caused by its death. An abortion can occur spontaneously due to complications during pregnancy or can be induced. Abortion as a term most commonly refers to the induced abortion of a human pregnancy, while spontaneous abortions are usually termed a miscarriage. The term abortion may also refer to the aborted embryo or fetus. Abortion has a long history and has been induced by various methods including herbal abortifacients, the use of sharpened tools, abdominal pressure, and other traditional methods. Modern medicine utilizes medications and surgical procedures to induce abortion. The legality, prevalence, and cultural views on abortion vary substantially around the world. In many parts of the world there is intense public debate over the ethical and legal aspects of abortion. The approximate number of induced abortions performed worldwide in 2003 was 42 million, which declined from nearly 46 million in 1995.
Teen Pregnancy
Few teenagers have the experience or resources it takes to start a family. But that doesn't keep them from doing so. According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, each year about 900,000 teenage girls become pregnant. The rate of pregnancy among American teenagers has dropped steadily in recent years, but it's still tops among industrialized nations.
While some teenagers make great parents, many others struggle with the staggering task of raising a child at such a young age. Trouble comes in many shapes: poverty and loneliness, health problems for the mother and baby, missed opportunities for a good education, and sadness and resentment at missing out on proms and other exciting teen activities, just to name a few.
What are the health problems associated with teen pregnancy?
According to the March of Dimes, pregnant teenagers are especially vulnerable to complications, such as high blood pressure, anemia, and, most troubling, premature delivery. Their babies are more likely to be too small at birth and often have underdeveloped lungs, vision problems, or a host of other ailments.
Most of these problems could be prevented. As reported by the March of Dimes, teenage girls are usually biologically ready to have healthy babies. If they receive proper prenatal care, get a healthy diet, and stay away from cigarettes and alcohol, they have an excellent chance for a healthy pregnancy. Unfortunately, many girls fail to take these basic steps.
What are the lasting consequences of teenage pregnancy?
In many cases, teenage pregnancy isn't just a temporary inconvenience. It's a setback that can affect the lives of the parents and the child for many years to come. For one thing, an early pregnancy can keep a woman -- and sometimes the father -- from getting a good education. As reported by the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, only 41 percent of mothers who have children before the age of 18 ever complete high school. Unqualified for a good-paying job, the mothers have a very hard time making ends meet. Almost half of all teenage mothers go on welfare within five years.
The children of teenage mothers are also at a distinct disadvantage. According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, they are 50 percent more likely to repeat a grade and are also less likely to finish high school. The sons of teenage mothers are more likely than sons of older moms to do a stint in prison, and daughters are more likely to become teenage mothers themselves.
Why do so many teenagers become pregnant?
Most teenage pregnancies can be chalked up to carelessness. According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, about 80 percent of teen pregnancies are unplanned. That still leaves 180,000 young girls who get pregnant on purpose. As stated by human sexuality expert Andrea Parrot in a Cornell University press release, "Many teenage pregnancies aren't accidental but intentional because of girls who see no life goals other than being a mother as realistically within their reach. " For these girls, a simple sex education class or abstinence lecture probably won't be enough to keep them from becoming pregnant before they are truly ready.
What can be done to lower the rates of teen pregnancy?
Sex education classes, easy access to contraceptives, and personal choices to remain abstinent all play a role in preventing teenagers from becoming pregnant. But according to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, parents of teenagers may be the most valuable resource of all. When parents talk openly with their children about sexuality and responsibility starting at a young age, the children are less likely to rush ahead into parenthood.
What about the fathers?
For many years, reproductive policy in the United States focused only on females; something that almost everyone now acknowledges was a mistake.
"Why males were ever excluded from the way we think about pregnancy prevention is puzzling," write the authors of the recent report Involving Males in Preventing Teen Pregnancy. "Sexual behavior involves two partners." Relegating fertility and family to the world of women, the authors write, "has kept us from acknowledging what should have been obvious -- that males must be involved in any policy solution to unintended pregnancies among teenagers."
The report continues that it is well known that adolescent boys initiate sex earlier than girls. But "contrary to stereotypes about males' disregard for contraception," the authors say, overwhelming evidence shows that for many years teenage boys have played a key role in providing contraception. In addition, this pattern has improved over the last two decades: between 1979 and 1988 condom use doubled, and since then this trend has increased. These shifts in behavior, the researchers conclude, suggests that pregnancy prevention efforts that include young men are crucial and "will not necessarily fall on deaf ears."
Finally, when parents explain the risks of early sex and the realities of raising children, their kids will listen. In the end, the facts are clear: A family is worth the wait.
-- Chris Woolston, MS, is a health and medical writer with a master's degree in biology. He is a contributing editor at Consumer Health Interactive and was a staff writer at Hippocrates, a magazine for physicians. He has also covered science issues for Time Inc. Health, WebMD, and the Chronicle of Higher Education.